32 research outputs found

    Health worker migration and universal health care in Sub-Saharan Africa

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    There is a more and more emerging consensus claiming universal access to health care in order to achieve the desired Millennium Development Goals related to health in Africa. Unfortunately, the debate of the universal coverage has focussed so far mainly on financial affordability, while it is also a human resource matter. Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa are experiencing severe shortages of skilled health care workers. There are several causes, the importance of which varies by country, but one of the most significant factors is brain drain. In those countries, scarcity of doctors increases the distance between a doctor and patients, and bridging that increased distance implies costs, both time and money. Adequate number of qualified health personnel is then vital to increase coverage and improve the quality of care. In as much as access to health services is also determined by access to qualified health workers, any reflection on the universal health coverage has to also consider the inequities in qualified health personnel distribution throughout the world

    Appel pour une allocation intelligente dans le financement du systÚme de santé au Cameroun

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    Le Cameroun utilise un systĂšme de budgĂ©tisation historique et une approche «top-down» pour allouer ses ressources de santĂ© publique. Cependant, le pays compte 175 districts de santĂ© dont les fortes disparitĂ©s de nature Ă©pidĂ©miologique, Ă©conomique, gĂ©ographique et culturelle, devraient ĂȘtre prises en compte pour rĂ©duire les iniquitĂ©s en matiĂšre de sante publique. Comment comprendre alors que dans ces conditions, le budget des administrations publiques allouĂ© aux diffĂ©rents districts de santĂ© au Cameroun soit quasi identique alors que les dĂ©fis sont si diffĂ©rents? L'inefficience allocative (mauvaise attribution du budget) gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©e par un tel systĂšme conduit vraisemblablement Ă  une inefficience technique (mauvaise utilisation du budget). Pour la marche vers l'atteinte des objectifs du millĂ©naire en matiĂšre de sante, il est impĂ©ratif et urgent que les dĂ©cideurs du secteur de la santĂ© allouent de maniĂšre intelligente les ressources dans le systĂšme de santĂ©

    Le financement basĂ© sur la performance au Cameroun : analyse de son Ă©mergence, sa mise en Ɠuvre et ses effets sur la disponibilitĂ© des mĂ©dicaments essentiels

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    L'accĂšs aux mĂ©dicaments essentiels (ME) est un Ă©lĂ©ment clĂ© de la qualitĂ© des soins dans un systĂšme de santĂ©. Par ailleurs, le financement basĂ© sur la performance (FBP) attire de plus en plus l'attention des dĂ©cideurs comme une intervention pour amĂ©liorer la prestation des services de santĂ©, y compris l’accĂšs aux ME, dans les pays Ă  faible et moyen revenus (PFMR). MalgrĂ© l’intĂ©rĂȘt croissant de la recherche sur le FBP, trĂšs peu d’étude ont portĂ© sur la mise Ă  l’agenda d’une telle rĂ©forme ou son maintien Ă  l’ordre du jour au fil du temps, encore moins sur l’influence de celle-ci sur l’accĂšs aux ME dans les PFMR. A travers une analyse du programme de FBP au Cameroun, la prĂ©sente thĂšse vise Ă  faire avancer les connaissances en examinant les questions suivantes : qu’est-ce qui explique l’apparition du FBP au niveau de la politique nationale de la santĂ© et quel est l’impact de ce programme sur l’accĂšs aux ME? Le devis de recherche est celui d’une Ă©tude de cas et la dĂ©marche analytique s’appuie sur la combinaison des donnĂ©es qualitatives, Ă  travers des entrevues rĂ©alisĂ©es auprĂšs des acteurs clĂ©s du programme FBP au Cameroun, et quantitatives, issues de l’évaluation d’impact de ce programme. La perspective conceptuelle est celle des cycles de politique, du cadre de transfert des politiques et de la recherche interventionnelle. Les rĂ©sultats sont structurĂ©s en quatre articles scientifiques. La mise du FBP Ă  l’agenda au Cameroun s’est construite Ă  partir des rapports et Ă©vĂ©nements identifiant l'absence d'une politique de financement de la santĂ© adaptĂ©e comme une question importante Ă  laquelle il fallait s'attaquer (article 1). L'Ă©volution du discours politique vers une plus grande responsabilisation a permis de tester de nouveaux mĂ©canismes. Un groupe d'entrepreneurs politiques de la Banque mondiale, par le biais de nombreuses formes d'influence (financiĂšre, conceptuelle, fondĂ©e sur la connaissance et les rĂ©seaux) et en s'appuyant sur plusieurs rĂ©formes en cours, a collaborĂ© avec de hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement pour mettre le programme FBP Ă  l'ordre du jour. Des organisations non gouvernementales internationales ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©es au dĂ©but du programme pour assurer sa mise en Ɠuvre rapide. Toutefois, il a fallu transfĂ©rer ce rĂŽle aux organisations nationales pour assurer la pĂ©rennitĂ©, l'appropriation et l'intĂ©gration de l'intervention du FBP dans le systĂšme de santĂ© (article 2). L'expĂ©rience de ce transfert montre que les Ă©lĂ©ments favorisant la rĂ©ussite d’un tel processus incluent des directives structurĂ©es, une appropriation et planification conjointe de la transition par toutes les parties, et un soutien post-transition aux nouveaux acteurs. Les donnĂ©es qualitatives suggĂšrent que la mise en Ɠuvre du programme FBP influence l’accĂšs aux mĂ©dicaments essentiels par l’entremise de plusieurs facteurs, notamment une plus grande autonomie des formations sanitaires, une rĂ©gulation appliquĂ©e des Ă©quipes cadre de santĂ©, une plus grande responsabilisation des acteurs du mĂ©dicament et la libĂ©ralisation du systĂšme d’approvisionnement (article 3). Cependant, le programme a eu un impact trĂšs limitĂ© sur la disponibilitĂ© des ME (article 4). L'intervention n’a Ă©tĂ© associĂ©e Ă  aucune rĂ©duction des ruptures de stock de ME, sauf pour la planification familiale (PF), avec une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des effets entre les rĂ©gions et les zones urbaines et rurales. Ces rĂ©sultats sont la consĂ©quence d'un Ă©chec partiel de la mise en Ɠuvre de ce programme, allant de la perturbation et de l'interruption des services Ă  une autonomie limitĂ©e des formations sanitaires dans la gestion des dĂ©cisions et Ă  un retard considĂ©rable dans le paiement des prestations.Access to essential medicines (EM) is a key element of quality of care in a health system. Accordingly, performance-based financing (PBF) is increasingly attracting the attention of policy makers as a promising intervention to improve health service delivery, including access to essential medicines, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the growing interest in PBF research, very few studies have focused on how such a reform has been put on the agenda or how it has been maintained over time, much less how it has influenced access to EMs in low- and middle-income countries. Through an analysis of the PBF program in Cameroon, this thesis aims to advance knowledge by examining the following questions: What explains the emergence of PBF at the level of national health policy and what is the impact of this program on access to EMs? The research design is a case study and the analytical approach is based on a combination of qualitative data, through interviews conducted with key actors of the PBF program in Cameroon, and quantitative data from the impact evaluation of this program. The conceptual perspective is that of policy cycles, the policy transfer framework and intervention research. The results are structured into four scientific articles. Putting the PBF on the agenda in Cameroon was built from reports and events identifying the lack of an appropriate health financing policy as a critical issue that needed to be addressed (article 1). The evolution of political discourse towards greater accountability made it possible to test new mechanisms. A group of political entrepreneurs from the World Bank, through many forms of influence (financial, conceptual, knowledge-based and networked) and building on several ongoing reforms, worked with senior government officials to put the PBF reform on the agenda. International non-governmental organizations were recruited at the beginning of the programme to ensure its rapid implementation. However, this role had to be transferred to national organizations to ensure sustainability, ownership and integration of the PBF intervention into the health system (Article 2). The experience of this transfer shows that the elements for the success of such a process include structured guidelines, joint ownership and planning of the transition by all parties, and post-transition support to new actors. The implementation of the PBF programme influences access to essential medicines through several factors, including greater autonomy of health v facilities, enforced regulation of district medical teams, greater accountability of drug stakeholders and liberalization of the supply system (Article 3). However, the programme had a very limited impact on the availability of EMs (Article 4). The intervention was not associated with any reduction in EM stock-outs, except for family planning (FP), where the reduction was 34% (P = 0.028), with a heterogeneity of effects between regions and urban and rural areas. These poor results were likely the consequence of partial implementation failure, ranging from disruption and discontinuation of services to limited facility autonomy in managing decision‐making and considerable delay in performance payment

    Fee Exemption for Maternal Care in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of 11 Countries and Lessons for the Region

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    Several countries have recently introduced maternal health care fee exemptions as a quick win approach to reach MDG 5 goals. It has also been argued that these policies were relevant first steps towards universal health coverage (UHC). The scope and contents of the benefits package covered by these policies vary widely. First evaluations raised questions about efficiency and equity. This article offers a more comprehensive view of these maternal health fee exemptions in Africa. We document the contents and the financing of 11 of these policies. Our analysis highlights (1) the importance of balancing different risks when a service is the target of the policy - C-sections address some of the main catastrophic costs, but do not necessarily address the main health risks to women, and (2) the necessity of embedding such exemptions in a national framework to avoid further health financing fragmentation and to reach UHC.sch_iih6pub3250pub

    Parental and child-level predictors of HIV testing uptake, seropositivity and treatment initiation among children and adolescents in Cameroon

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    Background: There is a growing body of evidence positioning targeted provider-initiated testing and counselling (tPITC, also known as index case testing) as a promising HIV case-finding and linkage strategy among children and adolescents. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of this strategy is limited by low HIV testing uptake and case detection rates. Despite this fact, there is very little literature on factors associated with HIV testing uptake, HIV seropositivity and ART-enrolment in tPITC implementation among African children. This study aims to bridge this information gap and contribute in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of tPITC among children and adolescents in Cameroon and beyond. Methods In three ART clinics where tPITC was previously inexistent, we introduced the routine implementation of this strategy by inviting parents living with HIV/AIDS in care to have their biological children (6 weeks-19 years) HIV-tested. Children of consenting parents were HIV-tested;those testing positive were enrolled on ART. Parental and child-level characteristics associated with HIV testing uptake, seropositivity and ART-enrollment were assessed using bivariate and multivariate regression analysis at 5% significance level. Results We enrolled 1,236 parents, through whom 1,990 children/adolescents were recruited for HIV testing. Among enrolled parents, 46.2% (571/1,236) had at least one child tested, and 6.8% (39/571) of these parents had at least one HIV-positive child. Among enrolled children/adolescents, 56.7% (1,129/1,990) tested for HIV and 3.5% (40/1129) tested HIV-positive. Parental predictors of HIV testing uptake among children/adolescents were sex, occupation and duration on ART: female [aOR = 1.6 (1.1-2.5)], office workers/students [aOR = 2.0 (1.2-3.3)], and parents with ART duration > 5 years [aOR = 2.0 (1.3-2.9)] had significantly higher odds to test a child than male, farmers/traders, and parents with ART duration 15 years. Parents of children identified as HIV-positive were more likely to be female, aged 40-60 years, farmers/traders, widows/divorcees and not on ART. Children found HIV-positive and who were ART-enrolled were more likely to be female and aged 5-9 years. However, none of the above-mentioned associations was statistically significant. Conclusions: Parents who were male, farmers/traders, and on ART for. 5 years were less likely to test their children for HIV. Also, adolescents 10-19 years old were less likely to be tested. Therefore, these groups should be targeted with intensive counseling and follow-up to facilitate optimal testing uptake. No association was found between parental or child-level characteristics and HIV seropositivity among tested children. This finding prompts for further research to investigate approaches to better identify and target HIV testing to children/adolescents with the highest likelihood of HIV seropositivity

    Comment utiliser l’expĂ©rience de financement basĂ© sur les rĂ©sultats (FBR) pour rendre l’achat des services de santĂ© plus stratĂ©gique au BĂ©nin?

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    peer reviewedLe BĂ©nin a expĂ©rimentĂ© la mise en Ɠuvre du financement basĂ© sur les rĂ©sultats (FBR) dans le secteur de la santĂ© selon deux approches. Suite Ă  l'Ă©chec des tentatives d'harmonisation et de rationalisation de ces approches en vue de la pĂ©rennisation du FBR, le gouvernement du BĂ©nin n'a pas pris les dispositions pour poursuivre sa mise en Ɠuvre. Dans la poursuite de la couverture santĂ© universelle, le pays s'est engagĂ© dans la voie de l'Assurance pour le renforcement du capital humain (ARCH) qui vise notamment Ă  dĂ©velopper l'assurance maladie. Or, la promotion d'une couverture maladie nĂ©cessite entre autres de renforcer les mĂ©canismes d'achat stratĂ©gique. Cet article synthĂ©tise les principaux Ă©lĂ©ments d'une note d'orientation Ă©laborĂ©e par les experts en charge de l'appui scientifique au programme d'appui au secteur santĂ© de l'Agence belge de dĂ©veloppement. Il vise Ă  proposer une Ă©volution de l’approche de FBR mise en Ɠuvre au BĂ©nin vers une approche d'achat stratĂ©gique des services et soins de santĂ©, ceci en vue de garantir l'efficience, la qualitĂ© et l'Ă©quitĂ© de l’accĂšs aux soins de santĂ©. Il a pour vocation plus large de partager l'expĂ©rience du BĂ©nin avec les pays et les partenaires qui souhaiteraient passer d'un programme de FBR appuyĂ© par les donateurs Ă  un mĂ©canisme d'achat stratĂ©gique plus englobant et intĂ©grĂ© dans le systĂšme local de santĂ©. L'article se base sur une revue non systĂ©matique de la littĂ©rature et l'expĂ©rience des auteurs au BĂ©nin et ailleurs. Tout d'abord, le concept d'achat stratĂ©gique est clarifiĂ©, et quelques leçons de l'expĂ©rience sont mises en avant, pouvant ĂȘtre utiles pour les pays qui souhaitent rendre l'achat des services de santĂ© plus stratĂ©gique. Ensuite, les leçons apprises de l'expĂ©rience du FBR au BĂ©nin sont prĂ©sentĂ©es, qui touchent Ă  la fois aux niveaux des processus stratĂ©giques (importance d'adopter une vision systĂ©mique et de renforcer la redevabilitĂ© au niveau local), des processus techniques (importance de recourir aux structures pĂ©rennes en les renforçant, de limiter les coĂ»ts de transaction, de fournir des appuis complĂ©mentaires au renforcement du systĂšme local de santĂ©), ainsi que des processus de suivi et des indicateurs de rĂ©sultat (rationalisation des matrices d'indicateurs et des processus de vĂ©rification, accent sur des indicateurs ayant un effet de levier sur le systĂšme, Ă©quitĂ©). Quelques Ă©cueils sont Ă©galement relevĂ©s (dont l'appropriation, la capitalisation des expĂ©riences et l'intĂ©gration des programmes de FBR dans les institutions existantes). Enfin, plusieurs pistes sont proposĂ©es dans le cadre de la transition du FBR vers l'achat stratĂ©gique. Il est suggĂ©rĂ©, Ă  court terme, d'adopter un amĂ©nagement transitoire du modĂšle de FBR, visant Ă  le rationaliser. AprĂšs une pĂ©riode transitoire, l'accent devrait ĂȘtre mis sur quatre Ă©lĂ©ments de dĂ©cision de l'achat stratĂ©gique Ă  travers, d'une part, un appui au mĂ©canisme d’assurance maladie pour ce qui concerne l'achat des prestations, ainsi qu'Ă  l’'utoritĂ© de rĂ©gulation du secteur de la santĂ© pour le "stewardship"; et d’autre part, la poursuite des appuis au systĂšme national d’information sanitaire ainsi qu'au renforcement des systĂšmes locaux de santĂ©.Backstopping technique et stratĂ©gique et Ă  un appui Ă  la capitalisation du Programme d'appui au Secteur SantĂ© au BĂ©nin (BTC/CTB BEN 438), Lot 2 "Financement basĂ© sur les rĂ©sultats, financement de la santĂ© et couverture santĂ© universelle

    Deconstructing the notion of “global health research partnerships” across Northern and African contexts

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    Abstract Background Global health conceives the notion of partnership between North and South as central to the foundations of this academic field. Indeed, global health aspires to an equal positioning of Northern and Southern actors. While the notion of partnership may be used to position the field of global health morally, this politicization may mask persisting inequalities in global health. In this paper, we reflect on global health partnerships by revisiting the origins of global health and deconstructing the notion of partnership. We also review promising initiatives that may help to rebalance the relationship. Results and Discussion Historical accounts are helpful in unpacking the genesis of collaborative research between Northerners and Southerners – particularly those coming from the African continent. In the 1980s, the creation of a scientific hub of working relationships based on material differences created a context that was bound to create tensions between the alleged “partners”. Today, partnerships provide assistance to underfunded African research institutions, but this assistance is often tied with hypotheses about program priorities that Northern funders require from their Southern collaborators. African researchers are often unable to lead or contribute substantially to publications for lack of scientific writing skills, for instance. Conversely, academics from African countries report frustrations at not being consulted when the main conceptual issues of a research project are discussed. However, in the name of political correctness, these frustrations are not spoken aloud. Fortunately, initiatives that shift paternalistic programs to formally incorporate a mutually beneficial design at their inception with equal input from all stakeholders are becoming increasingly prominent, especially initiatives involving young researchers. Conclusion Several concrete steps can be undertaken to rethink partnerships. This goes hand in hand with reconceptualizing global health as an academic discipline, mainly through being explicit about past and present inequalities between Northern and Southern universities that this discipline has thus far eluded. Authentic and transformative partnerships are vital to overcome the one-sided nature of many partnerships that can provide a breeding-ground for inequality
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